A CONTINUATION OF LAST WEEK'S TALK ON THE GAME OF BASKETBALL
Rules and regulations
Measurements and time limits discussed in this section often vary
among tournaments and organizations; international and NBA rules are
used in this section.
The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the
ball through the opponents' basket from above while preventing the
opponents from doing so on their own. An attempt to score in this way is
called a shot. A successful shot is worth two points, or
three points
if it is taken from beyond the three-point arc 6.75 metres (22 ft 2 in)
from the basket in international games and 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) in
NBA games. A one-point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul
line after a foul is made.
Playing regulations
Games are played in four quarters of 10 (
FIBA) or 12 minutes (NBA). College men's games use two 20-minute halves, college women's games use 10-minute quarters, and United States high school varsity games use 8 minute quarters. 15 minutes are allowed for a half-time break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules and 10 minutes in United States high schools.
Overtime periods are five minutes in length except for high school, which is four minutes in length.
Teams exchange baskets for the second half. The time allowed is actual
playing time; the clock is stopped while the play is not active.
Therefore, games generally take much longer to complete than the
allotted game time, typically about two hours.
Five players from each team may be on the court at one time.
Substitutions
are unlimited but can only be done when play is stopped. Teams also
have a coach, who oversees the development and strategies of the team,
and other team personnel such as assistant coaches, managers,
statisticians, doctors and trainers.
For both men's and women's teams, a standard uniform consists of a pair of shorts and a
jersey with a clearly visible number, unique within the team, printed on both the front and back. Players wear
high-top
sneakers that provide extra ankle support. Typically, team names,
players' names and, outside of North America, sponsors are printed on
the uniforms.
A limited number of time-outs, clock stoppages requested by a coach
(or sometimes mandated in the NBA) for a short meeting with the players,
are allowed. They generally last no longer than one minute (100 seconds
in the NBA) unless, for televised games, a commercial break is needed.
The game is controlled by the
officials
consisting of the referee (referred to as crew chief in the NBA), one
or two umpires (referred to as referees in the NBA) and the table
officials. For college, the NBA, and many high schools, there are a
total of three referees on the court. The table officials are
responsible for keeping track of each teams scoring, timekeeping,
individual and team
fouls, player substitutions, team
possession arrow, and the
shot clock.
Equipment
The only essential equipment in a basketball game is the ball and the
court: a flat, rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends.
Competitive levels require the use of more equipment such as clocks,
score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and
whistle-operated stop-clock systems.
|
An outdoor basketball net. |
A regulation
basketball court in international games is 91.9 feet long (28 meters) and 49.2 (15 meters) feet wide. In the
NBA and
NCAA the court is 94 feet (28.6 meters) by 50 feet (15.24 meters). Most courts have
wood flooring, usually constructed from
maple planks running in the same direction as the longer court dimension.
The name and logo of the home team is usually painted on or around the center circle.
The basket is a steel rim 18 inches (45.72 cm)
diameter with an attached net affixed to a backboard that measures 6
feet (1.82 meters) by 3.5 feet (1.06 meters) and one basket is at each
end of the court. The white outlined box on the backboard is 18 inches
(45.72 cm) high and 2 feet (60.96 cm) wide. At almost all levels of
competition, the top of the rim is exactly 10 feet (3.05 meters) above
the court and 4 feet (1.21 meters) inside the baseline. While variation
is possible in the dimensions of the court and backboard, it is
considered important for the basket to be of the correct height – a rim
that is off by just a few inches can have an adverse effect on shooting.
The size of the basketball is also regulated. For men, the official
ball is 29.5 inches (74.93 cm) in circumference (size 7, or a "295
ball") and weighs 22 oz (623.69 grams). If women are playing, the
official basketball size is 28.5 inches (72.39 cm) in circumference
(size 6, or a "285 ball") with a weight of 20 oz (567 grams). In
3x3,
a formalized version of the half court 3-on-3 game, a dedicated ball
with the circumference of a size 6 ball but the weight of a size 7 ball
is used in all competitions (men's, women's, and mixed teams).
Violations
The ball may be advanced toward the basket by being shot, passed
between players, thrown, tapped, rolled or dribbled (bouncing the ball
while running).
The ball must stay within the court; the last team to touch the ball
before it travels out of bounds forfeits possession. The ball is out of
bounds if it touches a boundary line, or touches any player or object
that is out of bounds.
There are limits placed on the steps a player may take without dribbling, which commonly results in an infraction known as
traveling.
Nor may a player stop his dribble and then resume dribbling. A dribble
that touches both hands is considered stopping the dribble, giving this
infraction the name
double dribble. Within a dribble, the player cannot carry the ball by placing his hand on the bottom of the ball; doing so is known as
carrying the ball.
A team, once having established ball control in the front half of their
court, may not return the ball to the backcourt and be the first to
touch it. A violation of these rules results in loss of possession.
The ball may not be kicked, nor be struck with the fist. For the
offense, a violation of these rules results in loss of possession; for
the defense, most leagues reset the shot clock and the offensive team is
given possession of the ball out of bounds.
There are limits imposed on the time taken before progressing the
ball past halfway (8 seconds in FIBA and the NBA; 10 seconds in NCAA and
high school for both sexes), before attempting a shot (24 seconds in
FIBA, the NBA, and
Canadian Interuniversity Sport
play for both sexes, and 30 seconds in NCAA play for both sexes),
holding the ball while closely guarded (5 seconds), and remaining in the
restricted area known as the free-throw lane, (or the "
key") (3 seconds). These rules are designed to promote more offense.
Basket interference, or
goaltending is a violation
charged when a player illegally interferes with a shot. This violation
is incurred when a player touches the ball on its downward trajectory to
the basket, unless it is obvious that the ball has no chance of
entering the basket, if a player touches the ball while it is in the
rim, or in the area extended upwards from the basket, or if a player
reaches through the basket to interfere with the shot. When a defensive
player is charged with goaltending, the basket is awarded. If an
offensive player commits the infraction, the basket is cancelled. In
either case possession of the ball is turned over to the defensive team.
Fouls
The referee signals that a foul has been committed.
An attempt to unfairly disadvantage an opponent through certain types
physical contact is illegal and is called a personal foul. These are
most commonly committed by defensive players; however, they can be
committed by offensive players as well. Players who are fouled either
receive the ball to pass inbounds again, or receive one or more
free throws
if they are fouled in the act of shooting, depending on whether the
shot was successful. One point is awarded for making a free throw, which
is attempted from a line 15 feet (4.6 m) from the basket.
The referee is responsible for judging whether contact is illegal,
sometimes resulting in controversy. The calling of fouls can vary
between games, leagues and referees.
There is a second category of fouls called
technical fouls,
which may be charged for various rules violations including failure to
properly record a player in the scorebook, or for unsportsmanlike
conduct. These infractions result in one or two free throws, which may
be taken by any of the five players on the court at the time. Repeated
incidents can result in
disqualification.
A blatant foul involving physical contact that is either excessive or
unnecessary is called an intentional foul (flagrant foul in the NBA). In
FIBA, a foul resulting in ejection is called a disqualifying foul,
while in leagues other than the NBA, such a foul is referred to as
flagrant.
If a team exceeds a certain limit of team fouls in a given period
(quarter or half) – four for NBA, NCAA women's, and international games –
the opposing team is awarded one or two free throws on all subsequent
non-shooting fouls for that period, the number depending on the league.
In the US college men's game and high school games for both sexes, if a
team reaches 7 fouls in a half, the opposing team is awarded one free
throw, along with a second shot if the first is made. This is called
shooting "one-and-one". If a team exceeds 10 fouls in the half, the
opposing team is awarded two free throws on all subsequent fouls for the
half.
When a team shoots foul shots, the opponents may not interfere with
the shooter, nor may they try to regain possession until the last or
potentially last free throw is in the air.
After a team has committed a specified number of fouls, the other
team is said to be "in the bonus". On scoreboards, this is usually
signified with an indicator light reading "Bonus" or "Penalty" with an
illuminated directional arrow or dot indicating that team is to receive
free throws when fouled by the opposing team. (Some scoreboards also
indicate the number of fouls committed.)
If a team misses the first shot of a two-shot situation, the opposing
team must wait for the completion of the second shot before attempting
to reclaim possession of the ball and continuing play.
If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is
unsuccessful, the player is awarded a number of free throws equal to the
value of the attempted shot. A player fouled while attempting a regular
two-point shot thus receives two shots. A player fouled while
attempting a three-point shot, on the other hand, receives three shots.
If a player is fouled while attempting a shot and the shot is
successful, typically the player will be awarded one additional free
throw for one point. In combination with a regular shot, this is called a
"three-point play" or "four-point play" (or more colloquially, an "and
one") because of the basket made at the time of the foul (2 or 3 points)
and the additional free throw (1 point).
TO BE CONTINUED
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